Presentation on the topic of types of operating systems. Presentation "operating systems"

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Computers and mobile devices are becoming more and more powerful, so operating systems must keep up with them, because they are the ones who ensure the correct operation of the hardware and help realize its full potential. That's why all the leading operating systems have updated (or are going to update) this year. How will the 2012 operating systems please us?

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Linux Let's look at the characteristic features of the system. Pros: 1.multitasking: many programs are running simultaneously. 2.Protected processor mode. 3.You can work without a graphical environment at all, in alphanumeric mode. 4. All system code is available for modification. Most of third party programs also provides source code. 5. Big choice free software and a small selection of commercial ones. 6. The Linux kernel has a built-in firewall that protects the computer from unauthorized access from outside and provides safe work end users and data security.

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Cons: 1. Manufacturers of some devices do not release drivers for Linux at all, so the devices may not work. 2. There are much fewer games for Linux than for Windows. 3. Some rare license programs are not written for Linux.

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Ubuntu 12.04 Precise Pangolin

Released on April 26, version 12.04 will receive LTS status and will be supported (including the desktop build) for five years. The number of parameters that can be changed without resorting to fine-tuning the configuration has increased. The most important thing is that now the launch time is approximately 11.2s. The environment has become more responsive and stable.

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Android 4.1 (Jelly Bean) Released on June 27, 2012 The changes made to the release affected mainly the smoothness of the interface. Parallel operation of central and graphic processors. ProjectButter technology is used, including triple buffering graphics pipeline. Updated virtual keyboard and added the ability to offline voice input. New Google service Now.

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Characteristic features of MAC OS:

Pros: 1.The strength of Mac OS is the virtual absence of viruses for Macintosh (traditional viruses simply do not work in a UNIX environment). 2.High quality software. 3.User-friendly interface for the common user.

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Cons: 1.Mac OS X can only be installed on Macintosh computers manufactured by Apple (These computers, unlike the PCs we are used to, have a closed architecture, that is, the computers themselves are assembled only by Apple). 2.Mac OS X is proprietary software, i.e. there is a ban on free distribution, making changes, etc. 3. There is some problem with installing drivers.

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OS X 10.8 (Mountain Lion)

Released in the summer of 2012 The most noticeable change on the desktop, funny as it may seem, was the new wallpaper. However, if you look closely, you will notice that the Dock has also been redrawn. A centralized notification system has appeared. Improved support for Internet services. Changed Safari browser 6.0. In OS X 10.8 MountainLion we can observe the next stage of convergence of the desktop operating system from mobile.

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Key Features of Windows

Pros: 1.mass distribution. 2. Guaranteed 100 percent support for any equipment. 3. There are a lot of professional application programs, full-featured analogues of which are not available in other operating systems (Promt and Photoshop). 4. Simplicity and clarity of the interface. 5. The user can receive any support or advice regarding his licensed Windows OS.

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Cons: 1.demanding on computer hardware resources, especially volume random access memory. 2. The graphical interface, although beautiful and convenient, is cumbersome and clumsy. 3. The system is considered more vulnerable than others. 4. The system is paid, its price exceeds the cost of purchasing or downloading a freely distributed OS.

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Windows 8

Release November 2012 The interface has been changed almost beyond recognition, new interface optimized for both touchscreens and conventional mouse and keyboard controls. Supports USB 3.0 and Bluetooth 3.0, as well as stereoscopic and wireless displays. WindowsStore service integrated.

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Examination work on the subject Information Technology Windows operating system

Chrysostom 2007

Completed by: Bokov S. Student of grade 11a Checked by: Sadykova I. Kh.

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1. Computer operating system 2. Overview of Windows operating systems 3. Windows objects 4. Windows interface 5. Graphical controls 6. Desktop objects 7. Main menu structure 8. Working with folder windows 9. Standard Windows applications

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1. Computer operating system

Plastic bag system programs required for the coordinated operation of all devices and application programs on a computer is considerable. It includes hundreds of programs. In order not to select and install them individually, it is customary to deliver them in a package. This package is called the computer's operating system.

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Operating system features

The operating system has many functions. Different operating systems have different features. The functions of the operating system are aimed at meeting the requirements of compatibility between programs, devices and people.

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2. Overview of Windows operating systems

Windows NT In 1994, the first full-fledged Windows operating system was released. It had an independent core, its own file system and graphical user interface. Windows 95 This first universal operating system had a kernel inherited from MS-DOS. Immediately after its release, it was widely supported by previously created MS–DOS applications.

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Windows 98 This system differs from the Windows 95 operating system in the presence of system tools for conveniently connecting to the Internet and working with basic Internet services. Windows ME This operating system was the last to be built on a kernel inherited from MS-DOS. Windows 2000 It was planned that this operating system would unite two lines of Windows development: utility and consumer, but this did not happen due to the fact that the Windows 2000 kernel is not compatible with the kernel of systems that inherited it from MS-DOS.

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Released in late 2001, this Windows version brought together operating system requirements for business and consumer computers. It provides high reliability, sufficient security for managing a local network, good compatibility with programs for Windows 95/98/Me, and is well supported by computer device manufacturers.

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3.Windows objects

Windows is an object-oriented operating system. All Windows objects have operating system-recognizable properties and action methods associated with the objects. Properties of Windows objects are registered by the operating system and can be changed. Windows object methods are implemented by Windows processes.

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Windows objects Devices Data files Programs

Information communications

Container Type Objects

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4. Windows interface

Windows is a graphical operating system. This means that: All Windows objects can be represented by their own graphical images; To access the properties and methods of objects, you can use the principle of graphical control. Graphic images of objects are: object icons, object labels, graphical controls and windows.

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5. Graphic images of Windows objects

Closed folder icon

Document icon Device shortcut

Open folder window

Controls

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Graphic controls

Command buttons. Command buttons are activated with one click. When you click a graphical button, the action that is associated with it is performed. For example, in the right corner of folder windows you can find a combination of three command buttons. The button closes the window The button expands the window to size full screen The button minimizes the Tabs window. Tabs – These are dialog box controls. Counters. Counters are a special field designed for entering numeric data. Engines. The engine is a control element for graphically entering parameters. Flags. A checkbox is an element that has two stable states. Switches. Switches are used only in groups. Only one switch can be enabled in a group.

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Basic mouse control techniques:

1.Click – quickly press the left mouse button; 2.Double click – two clicks performed with a minimum time interval between them; 3.Right-click – to call up the dynamic menu; 4. Drag-end-drop – moving a screen object or element is carried out by moving the mouse while holding down its left button; 5.Special dragging - moving a screen object or element by moving the mouse while holding down its right button. After moving, a dialog box opens containing commands for copying, moving, or creating a shortcut to the object; 6. Mouse dragging (drag) - performed like dragging, but performs the operation of resizing an object; 7.The pointer hovers on the object label on the control element in order to call a tooltip characterizing the properties of the object.

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6.Desktop objects

The desktop is the main graphical container of the Windows system. All other objects directly or indirectly belong to the desktop. Desktop components: Background image; Desktop icons; Task bar; Start button; Display panel; Quick launch panel.

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Windows Desktop Components

Desktop icons

Background image START button

Taskbar buttons

Taskbar Display panel

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Standard desktop icons

The My Computer folder is intended for access to all devices of this computer. Most often used to access storage media. The Network Neighborhood folder is intended for access to data structures stored on other computers connected to this computer in a common local network. You can use the My Documents folder to store created document files and create your own folder structure in it. Recycle Bin is a specialized folder for temporary storage of deleted objects.

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For each user-initiated process, a command button is created on the taskbar that provides communication with that process. Display panel. This panel is located on the right edge of the Taskbar and serves to place indicators that allow you to judge the progress of processes running in background. Quick launch panel. For programs that you use most often. The START button is the most important control element of the operating system. Clicking this button opens the Main Menu, which allows you to access any devices, applications and documents.

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7. Main Menu Structure

User name and icon Most frequently used programs Provides access to a list of applications My Documents Recent Documents My Computer Control Panel Connectivity Printers and Faxes Help and Support Search Search Run

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8. Working with folder windows

Title bar Menu bar

Toolbar

Address bar Scroll bar Window icon Workspace

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9. Standard Windows applications

It is assumed that each user will determine his own range of tasks, purchase and install the necessary applications. But while the software configuration is not formed, immediate needs can be met using several standard Windows applications that are installed with the operating system.

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Calculator

"Calculator" - standard Windows application, simulating work with a desktop electronic calculator. The program has two operating modes: Normal and Engineering.

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"Notepad" - the simplest text editor, designed for creating, viewing, editing, saving and printing unformatted text documents.

WordPad is a simple word processor designed for creating, viewing, editing, saving and printing formatted text documents.

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Paint is the simplest raster graphics editor designed for creating, viewing, editing, saving and printing graphic images. Version Paint editor for the Windows XP operating system allows you to work with image files recorded in Bitmap, TIFF, GIF, JPEG, PNG formats.

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Internet Explorer

This is a client program World services Wide Web(www) of the Internet. It is intended for navigation in the space of WWW documents, as well as for controlling their viewing mode. WWW client programs are also called browsers. Functionally, Internet Explorer serves as the main software tool for surfing the Internet. It has a built-in client tool for working with service file transfer.

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Windows Media Player

A standard means of playing multimedia objects: sound recordings and video recordings. Supports many formats. Automatically connects the codecs needed to play compressed recordings.

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Disk defragmentation is a utility program designed for periodic maintenance of magnetic disk storage media. Scheduled tasks - a tool for setting up automatic operations in specified time. Symbol table - used to enter non-standard symbols into documents for which keyboard keys are not provided, for example, to enter an angular degree designation.

MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System - disk OS from Microsoft) is a commercial operating system from Microsoft for IBM PC-compatibles personal computers. MS-DOS is the most famous operating system from the DOS family, previously installed on most IBM PC-compatible computers. Over time, it was supplanted by the Windows family of operating systems. MS-DOS was created in 1981 and, during its development, eight major versions (1.0, 2.0, etc.) and two dozen intermediate versions (3.1, 3.2, etc.) were released, until in 2000 Microsoft did not stop its development. It was the company's key product, providing significant revenue and marketing resources as Microsoft evolved from a programming language developer to a major software company. The final boxed version was 6.22, but MS-DOS continued to serve as the kernel for Windows 95 (versions 7.0 and 7.1), Windows 98 (version 7.1), and Windows ME (version 8.0).

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An operating system is a set of programs that ensure the interaction of all hardware and software parts of a computer with each other and the interaction between the user and the computer. Structure of the operating system: Kernel – translates commands from the program language into the language of “machine codes” that the computer understands. Drivers are programs that control devices. Interface is a shell through which the user communicates with the computer.

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The main features of the Windows operating system are: Multitasking – the ability to simultaneously work with several documents and programs; Support for multimedia technologies - exchange of text, graphic, sound, video information; Convenient graphical interface, drag-and-drop technologies (“grab and drag”). Any action when working with Windows OS can be performed visually by using the mouse to manipulate graphic objects on the screen.

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Any operating system, after loading has completed, displays a prompt indicating that it is ready to use. The Windows prompt is the Desktop. It usually contains icons and shortcuts for the most frequently opened folders and launched programs. Appearance desktop can be suitably customized by the user at his discretion.

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The taskbar looks like a strip, which by default is located along the bottom border of the screen. It contains the Start button, buttons for running tasks and open folders, and other panels. Start button Quick Launch bar Program buttons Notification area Digital clock Language bar

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If your keyboard has a key with the Windows logo, then you can use it for the following purposes: + E – open the “My Computer” folder + M – minimize the active window; + D – minimize all windows

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All information in Windows OS is presented using windows. A window is a framed area of ​​the screen in which an application, document, or message is displayed.

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A dialog box is a very important attribute of working with various programs in Windows environment. May have several tabs located on its top row. On the tabs, the user is prompted to make a selection of settings, depending on the user’s goals and objectives. The choice can be made in a variety of ways. For example, Lists and drop-down lists; Checkboxes; Radio buttons; Counters, sliders, etc.

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A standard window has: A common task bar - provides access to frequently used commands A title bar Window control buttons A row horizontal menu Toolbar Address bar (to the right of it you can call up the folder tree on the disk and go to another window) Working field - it contains icons of attached files and folders Scroll bars (which appear if the contents of the window do not fit in its size) Window view the user can customize as you wish, for example, through the horizontal menu (View command).

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Standard actions with windows: Activate – open, bring up on the screen: click or double click (depending on the settings), several windows can be activated on the screen at once; Make active – place on top of all windows: click anywhere in the window, only one window is active. Expand – expand to full screen. Restore – restores the original size of the maximized window. Minimize – temporarily remove from the screen; lead to minimum size windows – button on the taskbar; Move anywhere on the screen: drag operation, cursor in the title bar. Resize horizontally, vertically or diagonally: drag operation. Close—close the application, document, or dialog window.

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An application is any program running in the environment of a given operating system. For example, Word Processor; Graphics editor Photoshop; Electronic Excel spreadsheet; Multimedia Doom game; Borland Delphi programming system.

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A menu is a list of commands in which the user makes a specific choice. Windows OS uses several main types of menus:

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Main menu - provides access to all information resources computer. Opens by pressing the "Start" button.

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System menu – designed for working with windows. Opens by clicking the icon button located in the upper left corner of the window.

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Horizontal menu – standardly located on the top line of each window. Contains a group of commands that, when accessed, open a nested drop-down menu that offers new choices.

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Context menu – a list of commands that can be executed for a given specific object, opens by right-clicking on the object.

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A document is any file that is created and can be processed using Windiws applications. Has a name and extension separated by a dot. The name is set by the user creating the document. The extension is assigned automatically by the application in which the document was created and determines the file type (text, graphic, music, etc.). The user can change the document extension, while changing its type. For example, referat.doc; index.html

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Folder – (directory, directory) – a place on the disk where the names and parameters of a group of files are stored. Created by the operating system or specified by the user to organize existing information. After creating a folder, the user gives it a name. Any folder can contain subfolders. The volume of a folder is equal to the total volume of the files in it. Creating a folder

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A shortcut is a very small file that contains links to an object (document, program, etc.) as information. Visually represented by a pictogram icon. A shortcut, unlike a regular icon accompanying a file, is usually marked with an arrow on the left. The shortcut serves to provide quick access to a specific object. Removing a shortcut does not affect the object itself.

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A button is an interactive element programmed for a specific action. Visually, a button can be presented in the form of a pictogram, a rectangle and a certain inscription or just a word. The term “click a button” means “move the mouse pointer and click on it with the left mouse button.” Examples of buttons: a button for creating a new document, a button for printing a document, a button for canceling the last action, a button that confirms a command, a button that cancels a command, a button for a minimized application, and others

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Control Panel Used to configure the most important operating system objects. The significant elements of the control panel are (indicated by numbers in the figure): Task panel, which includes commands for switching views; A workspace in which application icons are located, grouped by category; Button for switching the type of icons (active in classic view). Control Panel

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A mouse (mouse) is one of the main devices for entering information into a computer, designed to work in an interface environment. The following operations are performed using the mouse: Click - click: the left one selects a file or folder (with certain settings it starts, opens), the right one - opens the context menu; Double click – double click: opens a file or folder; Press – pressing – the action continues as long as the button is pressed; Drag – towing (dragging an object while the mouse button is pressed), implements drag-and-drop technology. Towing with the right button simultaneously opens the context menu.

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In the Windows operating system, there are several navigation methods: “My Computer” folder, Address bar of any open window, Main menu, “Search” program, “Explorer” program, file managers. Navigation

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First method: Activate the window of the folder in which the document is created; Select the commands from the horizontal menu File New or the context menu New (then select the document type); Enter the selected document name instead of the standard name (leave the extension unchanged); Launch the document and fill it with information content; When finished, save the changes.

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Second method: Launch the application in which the document will be created (if the application is already running, create new document(File New (New)); Fill the document with information content; Save the document with a name (File Save As) in the desired folder (in the “Folder” line of the dialog box that opens, call up the folder tree and find it the desired folder, in the “File name” line, write down the proposed name, in the “File type” line, if necessary, select the desired extension, then click the “Save” button).

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In the Windows operating system, there are four main ways to perform operations with objects: Horizontal menu commands; Context menu commands; Buttons on the toolbar; Keyboard shortcuts; A Windows OS object can be a file, folder, shortcut, picture, diagram, piece of text, etc. Many operations performed by the OS are the same for any object, some are characteristic of individual objects. Operations with files, folders and shortcuts are usually considered at the same time: Creation and saving Renaming Moving and copying Deleting

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Renaming objects When creating a new object, the operating system itself creates the conditions for its renaming - the name is highlighted in the line, and instead of it you can immediately enter a new name from the keyboard. In this case, the old name is completely deleted. In the case when a previously created object is renamed, you need to double-click on it (with a break) with the left mouse button or select the File Rename command in the horizontal menu or the Rename command in the context menu. Then enter a new name.

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Moving and copying objects is done: Through active windows Using the Explorer program or a file manager Via the clipboard When moving or copying an object through active windows, the icon accompanying the object is simply dragged with the mouse (grag & drop operation) from one window to another. Within one disk, during normal dragging, movement occurs; to copy, press Ctrl; When working with different logical drives, normal drag and drop performs copying; to move, press Shift; When dragging an object, you can use the right mouse button, which simultaneously opens a context menu in which you can select one of the operations: copy or move.

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The clipboard is an area of ​​the computer's RAM in which an object is temporarily placed until it is needed. Ways to place an object on the clipboard: key combinations Ctrl+C or Ctrl+X; horizontal menu commands Edit Copy (Cut); context menu command: Copy; buttons on the toolbar. When you place an object on the clipboard, no visible changes occur on the screen! Ways to extract an object from the clipboard: key combination Ctrl+V; horizontal menu commands Edit Paste; context menu command: Paste; button on the toolbar.

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Deleting objects When you delete an object, it is placed in a special folder, the Recycle Bin, and becomes unavailable for use. Before the Trash is emptied, the user can return the item to its place if he changes his mind about deleting it. The Recycle Bin icon is usually found on the desktop. Methods for deleting objects: Drag the object icon with the mouse to the Trash; Horizontal menu commands: File Delete; Context menu command: Delete; Delete key (in combination with the Shift key deletes an object without placing it in the Recycle Bin, i.e. irrevocably) The operating system usually requires confirmation of the delete command!

“Computer programs” - Operating system. What are the similarities? Data and programs. The user was able to edit and format text documents. Where is the data stored? Application level programs, as a rule, do not have direct access to devices. Software structure. Software.

“Archiver” - For comparison: a new formatted 3.5” floppy disk has 1400 kilobytes free. Thus our text file will shrink approximately 500 times. Main types of archivers. WinRAR. What are archivers? The most common archivers currently used are: Back. Such archives are called SFX archives (from SelF-eXtracting).

“Computer translation” - Why do we need translator programs? Machine translation systems. On what principle are they built? computer dictionaries? Questions: Computer translators. Dictionaries are necessary for translating texts from one language to another. Modern dictionaries are built on the same principle. Text information processing technology.

"Software development" - 7.3. Improvement. Department. 30.0 rub. Management's view of the production process. Program. Main work streams. Joint application development (JAD – Joint application design). Did the remote one respond? Phases. Pair programming. Krasnoyarsk, 2008.

“Legal protection of programs” - Example. An intermediate option for changing the program. Legal protection of information. Also: Responsible for significant program changes. Legal protection of programs. Legal status of programs. In 2002, the Russian Federation Law “On Electronic Digital Signatures” was adopted. Proga 2.3. A version of the software product to which changes have been made.

"Program Features" - Can show relevant application icons. Simultaneously defragments up to 4 disks with a total capacity of up to 512 GB. Archivers. File managers. Among other things, it has its own tools for creating CD covers. Multimelia programs. High speed! There is a function to search for an application by keyword.

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