The conditions for using allocated radio frequency bands by category of amateur radio stations can be viewed

The main types of work of radio amateurs are: telegraph (CW), single-sideband telephone (SSB), chat telephone (VHF bands) and amateur radio teletype (RTTY).

Radio amateurs are allocated 10 sections of the DV, SV, HF bands:

2200 meters (135.7-137.8 kHz)
160 meters (1.81 - 2 MHz),
80 meter (3.5 - 3.8 MHz),
40 meter (7 - 7.2 MHz),
30 meter (10.1 - 10.15 MHz),
20 meter (14 - 14.35 MHz),
16 meter (18.068 - 18.168 MHz),
15 meter (21 - 21.45 MHz),
12 meter (24.89 - 24.99 MHz),
10 meter (28 - 29.7 MHz).

The frequency distribution for the VHF bands is as follows:

2 meters - 144-146 MHz
144000-144500 CW
144150-144500 SSB
144625-144675 Digital communications
144500-145800 FM
145800-146000 SSB
145800-146000 CW
70 cm - 430-440 MHz
430000-432500 CW
432150-432500 SSB
433625-433725 Digital communications
432500-435000 FM
438000-440000 FM
438025-438175 Digital communications
435000-438000 SSB
435000-438000 CW
23 cm - 1296-1300 MHz
1296000-1297000 CW
1296000-1297000 SSB
1297000-1298000 FM
1297000-1300000 FM
1296150-1297000 SSB
1296000-1297000 CW

Frequencies above 1.3 GHz
2400-2450 MHz
5650-5670 MHz
10.0-10.5 GHz
24.0-24.25 GHz
47.0-47.2 GHz
75.5-81.0 GHz
119.98-120.02 GHz
142-149 GHz
241-250 GHz

The amateur radio airwaves are never empty. At any time of the day you can hear amateur radio stations. However, on different amateur bands, the passage of radio waves has its own characteristics. Let's consider the conditions for propagation of radio waves in each amateur band.

HF transmission largely depends on the ability of radio waves to be reflected from the ionospheric layer. The reflection of radio waves of different frequencies from the ionosphere at the same time is different. Waves in low-frequency ranges are reflected more strongly, while high-frequency waves are reflected less strongly. Therefore, with weak ionization (for example, on a winter night), long-distance propagation in low-frequency ranges is possible. In this case, high-frequency waves pass through the ionosphere and do not return to Earth. When ionization is strong (for example, during the day in the spring), there are conditions for long-distance propagation in high-frequency ranges.

Band 1.8 MHz The most difficult range for long-distance communications. Until recently, it was completely wrong in Russia to leave it to beginners. Long-distance communication (over 1500-2000 km) is possible only under a special set of circumstances and for a limited time (half an hour to an hour), mainly at dawn-sunset. And communications up to 1500 km are possible after dark. At dawn the range freezes. In some countries the range is limited to just a few kHz. In Japan, for example, radio amateurs are allowed to operate within the range of 1815-1825 kHz.

Band 3.5 MHz is a pronounced nocturnal range. During the daytime, communication on it is possible only with nearby correspondents. With the onset of darkness, stations located at great distances begin to appear. Thus, in the European part of Russia, after sunset, stations in Ukraine, the Volga region, and the Urals appear. Then the stations of Eastern Europe can be heard, and by 23-24 hours Moscow time (according to the amateur radio code 23-24 MSK) - and Western Europe. A little earlier (especially in the winter months) it is possible for DX signals to appear from Asia (most often Japan), less often - Africa, and very rarely - Oceania. By 3-4 MSK, signals from stations in Canada, the USA and South America may appear, which, with good transmission, can be heard for some time after dawn. An hour or two after sunrise, the range becomes empty.

7 MHz band usually “lives” around the clock. During the day you can hear stations from nearby areas (in summer - at a distance of 500-600, in winter - 1000-1500 km). DX signals appear in the evening and night hours. Japanese, American and Brazilian amateurs work quite a lot in this range, the signals of their radio stations travel especially well (in the European part of Russia) on winter nights at 1-5 MSK. Among European shortwave operators, the Yugoslavs, Romanians, Finns, and Swedes are especially willing to use the 7 MHz band. US radio amateurs are allowed to work in the 7.100-7.300 MHz range (in Europe, these frequencies are used by broadcast stations), and therefore SSB can only work with Americans on separate frequencies.

Band 14 MHz- the range in which the majority of radio amateurs operate. Passage on it (with the exception of winter nights) is available almost around the clock. Particularly good passage is observed in April-May. In the morning hours (4-6 MSK) in the European part of Russia, signals from stations in America and Oceania travel well. During the daytime, European stations are mainly heard; in the evening, signals from Asian and African stations appear.

Band 21 MHz also widely used by shortwave operators. Passage on it is mainly observed in the daytime. It is less stable than at 14 MHz and can change sharply. There are especially many Japanese amateur radio stations operating on SSB here: as soon as you give a general call during a good passage to Japan, several calling radio stations immediately appear on this frequency. Sometimes they create significant interference, interfering with the reception of other distant stations. Early in the morning (or, conversely, in the evening - depending on the transmission characteristics) on 21 MHz you can hear loud signals from American stations. During the day and in the evening, African stations - TR8, ZS, 9J2 - are usually clearly audible. Less often, VK and ZL pass at the same time.

Band 28 MHz lies on the "edge" of short waves. This is the most capricious shortwave range: a day or two of excellent transmission can suddenly give way to a week of complete absence. Signals from radio stations here can only be heard during the day, or more precisely, during daylight hours, with the exception of certain rare cases of anomalous propagation of radio waves, therefore communications are possible only between correspondents located in the sunlit zone of the Earth. Most often, on 28 MHz you can hear signals from African stations, Asia, and less often - Oceania. Sometimes in the evening, signals from US shortwave radio stations travel well in the European part. Of the European stations, the most active are F, G, I, DL/DJ/DK. Signals from Eastern European stations are relatively rare. The 28 MHz band is free from interference and is the most interesting for observations due to sudden changes in transmission. Its uniqueness is that if there is penetration, then even with the most minimal power you can manage connections for 10-12 thousand km. If there is no transmission, then the presence of a powerful transmitter will not help.

As for the remaining ranges of 10.1 MHz, 18.1 MHz and 24.9 MHz (they are also called WARC bands, thanks to the World Amateur Radio Conference at which they were assigned to radio amateurs), the passage on them is something between the ranges described above . One of the differences on the 10.1 MHz band is the use of only telegraph and teletype. And the transmission is very similar to 7 MHz, with the difference that during the day communications are possible over a distance of up to 2000-3000 km. And distant stations pass when it gets dark.

Radio bands and frequencies

In this article we will briefly look at what frequencies are allocated for radio communications and what radio stations and what range should be considered when choosing equipment in a given case. The article is presented in free form, using simplifications in some concepts and details. Does not claim encyclopedic accuracy, but will give a general idea of ​​the frequencies used in Russia and the radio communication equipment used.

Let's consider What ranges do radios operate in? and why, in one case or another, different ones are used radio frequency ranges.

Shortwave range - 1-30 MHz

HF radio It is used primarily by the military, the Ministry of Emergency Situations, the navy, forestry and environmental organizations for professional communications over long distances - from 150 to 8000 km.

The main disadvantages of the HF range are low noise immunity and the need to use large antennas up to several tens of meters long. Pros: absolute autonomy, long communication range and low cost compared to satellite communications.

Main equipment used: Icom, IC-M802., Vertex VX-1700, VX-1400, VX-1200/1210., Kenwood TK-90, Cordon P-12, Q-Mac HF 90M, Barrett PRC-2090, PRC- 2091, Karat, Angara.

Also, within the range of 1-30 MHz, there are 9 frequency sections allocated for communication to radio amateurs. The main HF amateur radio equipment used is transceivers from Kenwood, Icom, Yaesu, and Elecraft. If for professional stable radio communication the range is usually limited to 8000 km, then radio amateurs often conduct transcontinental radio communication sessions with their colleagues located on the other side of the globe.

Currently, the market for software-based radio - SDR equipment - is gaining momentum. Software-based radio is beginning to be widely used in amateur radio, military, and commercial applications. To date, Harris and Alcatel Lucent have already implemented several successful projects that use equipment based on SDR technology and cognitive radio (a radio system capable of receiving information about the characteristics of its own operation and adjusting its operating parameters based on this data). In the future, SDR technology has every chance of becoming a new standard in the telecommunications market.

Civil band - 27 MHz

Conventionally called the “27 MHz band”. Frequency range 25.6-30.1 MHz (officially permitted section - 26.965-27.860 MHz). Another name is CB range from the English abbreviation CB - Citizen Band.

Range of truckers on walkie-talkie This is the 15th channel, with a frequency of 27.135 MHz, in amplitude modulation (AM) mode. The channel is actively used by truckers for communication on the highways. In big cities, CB radios 27 MHz, used by motorists to exchange information about traffic conditions. In different cities, different channels are used for urban communication. For example, in Krasnoyarsk it is channel 40, with a frequency of 27.405 MHz, in Kemerovo it is channel 27, with a frequency of 27.275 MHz. Frequency modulation (FM) is used at the frequencies of city auto channels.

Also, radio stations in this range are used by small taxi companies and cargo carriers, rapid response teams of security companies and utility services. Despite the affordability of the equipment, and the fact that, according to Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated October 13, 2011 No. 837, 27 MHz radios are not subject to registration, it is necessary to take into account the fact that the civil range is subject to large atmospheric and industrial interference and the use walkie-talkiesCB band for commercial purposes it is not suitable for enterprises where high-quality radio communications are needed. Portable CB radios, due to their small radius of action and relatively large dimensions, they are not particularly widespread and are used mainly during loading and unloading operations or at truck stops.

Most of the CB radio stations available in Russia are presented in our online store.

Buy CB radios which you can find in our online store are presented in .

Low-Band range - 33-57.5 MHz

This is the lower part of the VHF mobile radio range.

Due to the large influence of industrial interference in cities and interference from TV broadcast transmitters, this range is used mainly in rural areas. The main users, since the times of the USSR, are ambulance stations and agricultural enterprises. Today, most of the world's manufacturers have stopped producing radio stations for these frequencies. Equipment for the Low-Band range is currently offered by domestic manufacturers - the companies Granit and Webr. In warehouses you can still find radio stations from famous brands: Motorola GP340, GM360., Vertex Standard VX-3000L. The only available foreign manufacturer of equipment in the 33-57.5 MHz range remains Alinco, Inc. The company offers the DJ-V17L wearable radio and the DR-135LH and DR-M06R car (base) radios.

Aviation band - 118-137 MHz

Aircraft communicate with each other and with ground services in this frequency range. Unlike most other types of VHF communications, amplitude modulation is used. Popular airborne equipment –

wearable aviation radios:

156.8375-174 MHz - mobile and fixed terrestrial communications.

In accordance with the Basic Law “On Communications” dated July 7, 2003 No. 126-FZ, in order to organize radio communications in this range, it is necessary to obtain permission from the Federal State Unitary Enterprise “GRChTs”. If it is necessary to obtain frequencies, we can provide consulting and support in obtaining permits.

High noise immunity and good signal transmission have made the 136-174 MHz range the most popular among users and equipment manufacturers. Our store offers most popular models of VHF radios and antennas. Walkie-TalkieVHF band in our store are presented in .

River band - 300 MHz

Used for communications on inland waterways.

Operating frequencies of walkie-talkies are in the range 300.0125-300.5125 MHz and 336.0125-336.5125 MHz.

River band radio comes with pre-installed channels dedicated to communication with ships and coastal services for various purposes.

Channel radio frequencies– their numbers and purpose are established by the “Instructions for the organization of ship radio communications in the basin (region)”, approved by the River Fleet Service of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation and agreed with local authorities of the State Supervision of Radio Communications. So, the main channels are:

Channel 2 (300.05 MHz) - for communication between ships;

Channel 3 (300.1 MHz) - for communication with gateway dispatchers;

Channel 4 (300.15 MHz) - for communication with other river fleet services;

Channel 5 (300.2 MHz) - for calling ships, coordinating the order of passing and overtaking when maneuvering and transmitting distress signals.

Channels 25 and 43 (336.2 MHz and 300.125 MHz) are generally accepted for communication between yachts.

All radio stations installed on ships and on inland waterways must have an Approval from the River Register of Russia (RRR) and a Certificate from the Ministry of Communications, regardless of their affiliation and whether these radio stations are the main or additional equipment.

According to the frequency allocation approved by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), frequencies in the range 156-162 MHz are used throughout the world for communications between ships (river and sea). The river band of 300 MHz is used only in Russia and the choice of equipment offered for this range is small. Popular river radio stations: Radioma-300, Vertex Standard VX-451/VX-454, .

VHF range - 400-470 MHz

In foreign sources, the range is designated as UHF, the name of which is derived from the capital letters Ultra High Frequency.

The propagation features of UHF frequencies make it possible to recommend this range for use in dense urban areas and in the mountains. In forest conditions, radio stations at 400 MHz are inferior to radio stations in the 136-174 MHz range.

Frequency bands are allocated in the range for professional use, for radio amateurs and for license-free use by everyone.

Walkie-talkie frequencies, the operation of which, in accordance with the Basic Law “On Communications” dated July 7, 2003 No. 126-FZ, is possible only with permits:

420-430 MHz - mobile and fixed terrestrial communications;

430-440 MHz - amateur radio band;

440-470 MHz - mobile and fixed terrestrial communications.

If it is necessary to obtain frequency ratings, we can provide consulting and support in obtaining permits.

Areas of the range that, according to Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 31, 2004 No. 896, do not require permits - permitted range of radios(license-free frequencies):

433.075-434.775 MHz – LPD (“Low Power Device”) range. Standard frequency grid of 69 nominal values, with a step of 25 kHz;

In contact with

Classmates

Permitted VHF frequencies for radio amateurs and their purpose

I often receive questions from radio amateurs regarding the assignment of frequencies on the VHF band. The fact is that the number of frequencies is limited and some of them are reserved for certain types of connections. Also, some frequencies are allocated for the needs of creating repeaters. For this reason, novice radio amateurs are afraid to occupy a specialized frequency and get hit in the ears. To avoid having to answer these questions often, I will provide a table for the VHF range.

The range from 144 to 146 MHz is allocated to the amateur radio service on a primary basis. Radio amateurs of the fourth category have the right to operate on these frequencies with a power of 5 W, the second and third at 10 W, and the first category with 50 W (for EME and MC communications of the first category, it is allowed to use up to 500 W).

It turns out that for direct communication in frequency modulation, frequencies from 145.206 MHz to 145.594 MHz are allocated. Grid step 12.5 kHz. This table was compiled in accordance with the decision of the SCRF dated July 22, 2014 No. 10-07-01.

Radio amateurs in Russia, regardless of the category of their radio station, along with the HF bands, are allowed to work in the ultra-short wave (VHF) bands.

The transmitter power of radio stations of the 4th category when operating in the VHF range should not exceed 5 watts, for radio stations of the 3rd and 2nd categories - 10 watts, for radio stations of the 1st category - 50 watts in the range 144-146 MHz and 10 watts in VHF bands above 433 MHz. The transmitter power of amateur radio stations operating in the frequency band 430-433 MHz should not exceed 5 W. At the same time, the operation of amateur radio stations in the frequency band 430-433 MHz in a zone with a radius of 350 km. from the center of Moscow is prohibited.

To conduct experimental radio communications using the Moon as a passive repeater (EME), as well as using the reflection of radio signals from meteor trails (MS), Russian radio amateurs with the 1st qualification category are allowed to use transmitter power up to 500 watts.

VHF frequency plan for amateur radio stations in Russia

2. Transmissions from amateur stations using repeaters on the VHF bands have priority over other transmissions from amateur stations. Amateur station operators must not interfere with such transmissions.

3. To use repeaters of previously recorded messages, obtaining permission to use radio frequencies or radio frequency channels is not required. The frequency of reception and transmission must be the same. It is recommended to limit such use of RES. The operation of repeaters of previously recorded messages on the frequencies 145.45 and 145.5 MHz is prohibited.

Allocation of frequency bands for experimental radio communications using the Moon as a passive repeater (EME) for amateur radio stations in Russia

Allocation of frequency bands for experimental radio communications using the reflection of radio signals from meteor trails (MS) for amateur radio stations in Russia

An agenda item for the 2023 World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC-23) has emerged that proposes consideration of the 144-146 MHz frequency range, including possible reassignment as a primary band application for the aeronautical mobile service, and there is little support for this objected at a meeting of the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT). The Team A project group where this issue was considered is responsible for some aspects of the CEPT WRC positions and the meeting was held June 17-21 in Prague, Czech Republic. The proposal submitted by France, which aims to reassign the 144-146 MHz amateur radio band, will be part of a broader review of bands for the aeronautical mobile service. Another issue raised at the meeting concerned the sharing of the amateur radio band 1240-1300 MHz with the European GPS Galileo system.

“We have heard that only one administration (Germany) opposed the proposal to reassign the 144 MHz amateur radio band – and no one else,” a UK Microwave Group spokesman said after the meeting. Otherwise, this agenda item would have been moved to the CEPT Conference Preparatory Group (CPG) meeting in August.

The International Amateur Radio Union (IARU), which was represented at the Prague meeting, expressed "serious concerns" about any proposal that would include consideration of the 144-146 MHz band for the aeronautical mobile service in the proposed agenda item. Moreover, at the conference they intend to consider the issue of reassigning the entire 2-meter band in the 1st ITU Region. The IARU is committed to making every effort to fully protect the interests of amateur radio stations and to secure the support of the necessary regulators for their representation.

IARU Region 1 President Don Beattie, G3BJ, stated before the meeting that the IARU would “vigorously advance its opposition within the Regional Telecommunications Organizations (RTOs) and the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) to obtain assurances that “that this range will remain the main one for radio amateurs.”

The 144-146 MHz band in the worldwide frequency allocation is the only VHF band assigned to the amateur and amateur-satellite services on a primary basis. This widely used segment of the amateur radio bands is used by a large number of users, repeaters and satellite stations, including the ISS.

According to the minutes of the meeting, the proposal does not provide a rationale for redefining 144-146 MHz, and the IARU believes that sharing with airborne systems is likely to be difficult and will limit the development of amateur and amateur satellite services in this band. The IARU recommended that alternative proposals be developed that could provide additional radio frequency space for aviation applications without hanging the “sword of Damocles” over the “double” radio amateurs.

The IARU is expected to inform community members to discuss the French proposal with their governments before the August CEPT-CPG meeting. And France could try to introduce the same proposal to study 144 - 146 MHz for aviation use in other RTOs.

Meanwhile, further discussion by the preparatory group on the proposal to study the 23-centimeter band is expected in August before the meeting. The proposal was put forward following reports of interference with the Galileo navigation system, but the IARU said it was aware of only "a few cases" of interference with Galileo's E6 signal on 1278.750 MHz. In the meantime, work on this issue will continue in other specialized CEPT forums.